KH550改性SiO2气凝胶及其掺杂对砂浆性能的研究

目的提高SiO_2气凝胶颗粒与砂浆的相容性,降低砂浆的导热系数。方法以质量分数为5%的KH550硅烷偶联剂为改性剂,先对SiO_2气凝胶颗粒进行表面改性,并以改性后的SiO_2气凝胶颗粒为替换骨料,采用等体积替换法制备SiO_2气凝胶砂浆,再用SEM、XRD、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和接触角测量仪对原材料性能和砂浆的微观形貌进行表征,并研究不同替换比例的SiO_2气凝胶颗粒对砂浆密度、力学性能、收缩性能以及导热系数等性能的影响。结果采用KH-550硅烷偶联剂对SiO_2气凝胶进行表面改性,改性后的SiO_2气凝胶能够稳定地镶嵌于砂浆中,与无机胶凝材料的结合较为紧密,填补了砂浆中的孔洞,使得砂浆内部结构更为均匀,形成较为稳定的复合体系;随着SiO_2气凝胶颗粒替换比例的增大,SiO_2气凝胶砂浆的密度、力学性能以及导热系数逐渐降低,收缩率逐渐变大,当替换率达到60%时,密度由最初的2014.1 kg/m3降至1231.4 kg/m3,28天抗压和抗折强度分别降至2.15 MPa和0.45 MPa、导热系数值从0.6039 W/(m·K)降至0.1524W/(m·K),自收缩率增大到2729×10-6。结论从使用性能、材料成本、以及保温性能等方面综合考虑,当替换比例为50%时,为最优体积掺量,此时,其密度、抗压和抗折强度、自收缩率以及导热系数分别为1387.1kg/m3,8.3 MPa和2.23 MPa,1928×10-6,0.2248 W/(m·K)。     

Performance of activated carbon coated graphite bipolar electrodes on capacitive deionization method for salinity reduction

• Graphite bipolar electrodes act as an appropriate bed for the CDI process. • Activated carbon Coating improves the application of the electrodes. • CDI is an environmentally friendly method to apply for brackish water. • Initial concentration is the most important parameter in the CDI method. • CDI process in a batch-mode setup needs more development. This research investigates a capacitive deionization method for salinity reduction in a batch reactor as a new approach for desalination. Reductions of cost and energy compared with conventional desalination methods are the significant advantages of this approach. In this research, experiments were performed with a pair of graphite bipolar electrodes that were coated with a one-gram activated carbon solution. After completing preliminary tests, the impacts of four parameters on electrical conductivity reduction, including (1) the initial concentration of feed solution, (2) the duration of the tests, (3) the applied voltage, and (4) the pH of the solution, were examined. The results show that the maximum efficiency of electrical conductivity reduction in this laboratory-scale reactor is about 55%. Furthermore, the effects of the initial concentration of feed solution are more significant than the other parameters. Thus, using the capacitive deionization method for water desalination with low and moderate salt concentrations (i.e., brackish water) is proposed as an affordable method. Compared with conventional desalination methods, capacitive deionization is not only more efficient but also potentially more environmentally friendly.     

热/自然交变环境下玻璃纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料模拟使役工况试验研究

目的 研究装备动力舱在热/自然交变环境下玻璃纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料性能随模拟使役工况试验时间的退化规律,提升装备动力舱热/自然交变环境效应控制水平。方法 以玻璃纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料为研究对象,以湿热、盐雾和高温试验为热/自然交变环境试验谱,以振动试验为加速因子,开展5个周期的实验室模拟使役工况加速试验,对比分析样件初始状态和每一个周期试验后的性能。结果 经模拟使役工况试验后,玻璃纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料的颜色由白色逐渐变成黄色,SiO2气凝胶含量逐渐减少,纤维元素组成变化不明显,导热系数升高,隔热性能下降,且均在4周期模拟使役工况试验后出现明显变化。结论 玻璃纤维增强SiO2气凝胶复合材料经5个周期的模拟使役工况试验后,其常温导热系数仅为0.026 4 W/(m.K),热面温度为200 ℃时,冷面平均温度仅为68.5 ℃,热/自然交变温差为43.5 ℃,具有良好的环境适应性。     

太湖不同介质电导率时空变化特征

电导率是表征水体溶解性固体物质或盐度的重要参数,也是水体常规监测参数之一.为揭示太湖不同介质电导率的时空变化特征,对太湖水体水质历史数据(1980～2009年)以及近10年来野外监测数据(2009～2018年)进行统计分析.结果表明,近40年来太湖水体电导率呈显著上升趋势,并在1996～1997年发生突变.太湖水体电导率由1980～1996年的(239. 43±70. 60)μS·cm~(-1)增长到目前的(477. 31±23. 47)μS·cm~(-1),年均增长率10. 40μS·(cm·a)-1;空间上,西北湖区水体电导率显著高于东南湖区;水体电导率变化以主要离子变化为主导,氮营养盐的贡献基本可忽略;流域人类活动是引起水体电导率变化的主要因素.此外,太湖水体电导率受季节性径流的影响更为显著.与湖水电导率变化规律相比,西北湖区表层沉积物、孔隙水(0～10 cm)电导率均低于东南湖区,深层( 10 cm)则相反.剖面上,西北湖区表层沉积物、孔隙水(0～10 cm)电导率和深层( 10 cm)无显著差异,但东南湖区表层沉积物、孔隙水(0～10 cm)电导率高于深层( 10 cm).沉积物电导率与有机质呈显著正相关(P 0. 01),与p H呈负相关(P 0. 05),表明有机质对金属离子活化迁移具有明显的促进作用,而酸性环境下更有利于离子的活化.对不同介质间电导率分析发现,表层沉积物和孔隙水(0～10 cm)电导率均与上覆水电导率呈显著正相关(P 0. 01),而深层( 10 cm)沉积物及孔隙水电导率与上覆水电导率没有相关性,表明表层沉积物和孔隙水(0～10 cm)对上覆水电导率有明显影响.此外,整个剖面上(0～50 cm)沉积物电导率和孔隙水电导率呈显著正相关(P 0. 01),说明沉积物和孔隙水之间进行着比较充分的离子迁移交换,两者之间的相互影响总体上高于对上覆水的影响.     

SGO/PVDF-g-PSSA复合质子交换膜的制备及抗污染性研究

为更好的提高PVDF-g-PSSA质子交换膜的性能,将磺化氧化石墨烯（SGO）与PVDF-g-PSSA共聚物混合制得SGO/PVDF-g-PSSA复合质子交换膜.用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）以及X射线测定仪（XRD）证实了GO的成功磺化.对复合膜进行SEM表征并考察了复合膜的主要性能,得到了最佳SGO掺加量.使用耗散型石英晶体微天平（QCM-D）研究了复合膜的抗污染性能.实验结果表明：当SGO添加量为1.0%时,复合膜的含水率达到44.34%,质子传导率为0.085S/cm,综合性能达到最佳.QCM-D实验表明,在纯水和50mmol/L PBS条件下,复合膜表面的BSA吸附量均最低,且|ΔD/ΔF|最大,说明吸附层较为疏松,复合膜具有较好的抗污染性.     

酸性矿山废水对沉积物真核微生物群落的影响

对受酸性矿山废水污染的橫石河上游到下游水体和沉积物中理化参数以及沉积物中真核微生物的多样性进行系统调查,使用斯皮尔曼相关性分析和典范对应分析（CCA）甄别真核微生物群落的主要环境胁迫因子.结果表明：橫石河中真核微生物优势种群为真菌门（Fungi）（4.51%~86.69%）、绿藻门（Chlorophyta）（0.61%~77.36%）和纤毛虫门（Ciliophora）（0.81%~34.91%）.沉积物中真核微生物群落Alpha多样性随酸性矿山废水污染梯度降低而逐渐升高.与原核微生物群落不同,酸性矿山废水环境沉积物中真核微生物群落结构的变化主要受硫酸根和电导率的影响.     

基于铁阳极的生物阴极自养反硝化效能影响因素探究

利用微生物燃料电池（Microbial fuel cell, MFC）装置耦合零价铁脱氮和生物阴极,研发基于铁阳极的新型生物脱氮技术,可有效避免脱氮过程中外源有机物的添加,降低污水处理成本,减少二次污染.本文以MFC装置为平台,零价铁为阳极,附着生物膜的碳刷为阴极,组成零价铁自养反硝化装置.在控制变量的条件下,采用单因素试验法探究不同起始pH（5~9）、不同外接电阻（50~2000 Ω）、不同阴极电导率（0~232 g·L^-1）和不同起始基质浓度（42~800 mg·L^-1）对零价铁自养反硝化效能和MFC产电性能的影响.结果表明,以脱氮作为首要目标,产电作为次要目标时,零价铁生物自养反硝化体系最佳起始pH为7,最佳起始硝氮浓度为200 mg?L^-1,最佳阴极电导率为添加116 g·L^-1,最佳外接电阻为1000 Ω.对自养反硝化效能影响因素的探究将有助于优化反应条件,探明碳阴极生物脱氮过程的主要干扰因素,提升生物自养反硝化技术效能.     

内蒙古河套灌区不同盐碱程度土壤CH4吸收规律

土壤盐碱化严重威胁土地可持续利用和温室气体排放.本研究选择内蒙古河套灌区3种盐碱土壤［S1：盐化土壤,电导率（EC）4.80 dS·m^-1;S2：强度盐碱土壤,电导率（EC）2.60 dS·m^-1;S3：轻度盐碱土壤,电导率（EC）0.74 dS·m^-1］.利用静态暗箱法野外原位观测研究盐碱土壤甲烷（CH₄）吸收规律.结果表明,不同盐碱程度土壤CH₄吸收每年均存在显著差异,2014年生长季（F=18.0,P<0.001）,2015年生长季（F=23.6,P<0.001）和2016年生长季（F=28.4,P<0.001）.轻度盐碱土壤CH₄累积吸收量最高,盐化土壤累积吸收量最低.随土壤盐碱程度加重,土壤CH₄累积吸收量降低.轻度盐碱土壤CH₄累积吸收量在2014~2016年3个生长季（4~10月）分别为150.0、119.6和99.9 mg·m^-2;重度盐碱土壤CH₄累积吸收量比轻度盐碱土壤分别降低27%、28%和19%;盐化土壤CH₄累积吸收量比轻度盐碱土壤分别降低35%、35%和53%.冗余分析表明,盐碱土壤CH₄吸收通量与土壤EC的投影在第一主成分轴正方向和反方向,土壤EC越高,CH₄吸收通量越低.土壤电导率EC是调控盐碱土壤CH₄吸收的关键因子,相关系数r为-0.8809（P<0.01,n=9）.     

隔热涂料在高功率重型车辆上的应用

目的 开发一种低导热系数的功能涂料,应用于某重型车辆,以阻隔动力舱与驾驶舱之间的热量传递.方法 研究聚酯多元醇树脂与多异氰酸酯固化剂的配比、低导热系数功能填料与成膜物的配比以及两种不同粒径的空心微珠复配比例对漆膜导热系数、附着力、断裂伸长率等性能的影响,确定阻隔型隔热涂料的最佳配方.采用自制隔热测试装置对涂料的隔热性能进行测试.结果 选用多异氰酸酯作为固化剂,实现漆膜常温固化.聚酯多元醇中羟基(—OH)与多异氰酸酯(—NOC)的最佳物质的量的比为0.8～1.0,低导热系数功能填料与成膜物的最佳质量比为1.5～2.0.漆膜附着力不小于4 MPa,断裂伸长率不小于50％,导热系数小于0.06 W/(m·K),漆膜密度小于0.5 g/cm3.隔热涂层经120℃/2 h的测试,涂层冷面温度未超过45℃.结论 研制的阻隔型隔热涂料具有优异的隔热性能,在某型车辆动力舱与驾驶舱之间进行应用与隔热性测试(涂层厚度1.5～2.0 mm、车辆持续工作3 h).结果 表明,驾驶舱一侧隔板的表面温度未超过38℃,隔热效果显著.     

Geotechnical properties of municipal solid waste at different phases of biodegradation

This paper presents the results of laboratory investigation conducted to determine the variation of geotechnical properties of synthetic municipal solid waste (MSW) at different phases of degradation. Synthetic MSW samples were prepared based on the composition of MSW generated in the United States and were degraded in bioreactors with leachate recirculation. Degradation of the synthetic MSW was quantified based on the gas composition and organic content, and the samples exhumed from the bioreactor cells at different phases of degradation were tested for the geotechnical properties. Hydraulic conductivity, compressibility and shear strength of initial and degraded synthetic MSW were all determined at constant initial moisture content of 50% on wet weight basis. Hydraulic conductivity of synthetic MSW was reduced by two orders of magnitude due to degradation. Compression ratio was reduced from 0.34 for initial fresh waste to 0.15 for the mostly degraded waste. Direct shear tests showed that the fresh and degraded synthetic MSW exhibited continuous strength gain with increase in horizontal deformation, with the cohesion increased from 1 kPa for fresh MSW to 16–40 kPa for degraded MSW and the friction angle decreased from 35° for fresh MSW to 28° for degraded MSW. During the triaxial tests under CU condition, the total strength parameters, cohesion and friction angle, were found to vary from 21 to 57 kPa and 1° to 9°, respectively, while the effective strength parameters, cohesion and friction angle varied from 18 to 56 kPa and from 1° to 11°, respectively. Similar to direct shear test results, as the waste degrades an increase in cohesion and slight decrease in friction angle was observed. Decreased friction angle and increased cohesion with increased degradation is believed to be due to the highly cohesive nature of the synthetic MSW. Variation of synthetic MSW properties from this study also suggests that significant changes in geotechnical properties of MSW can occur due to enhanced degradation induced by leachate recirculation.